Entries with painting tag

Church Of San Zaccaria

Founded in the ninth century as a shrine for the body of Zaccharias, father of John the Baptist (Zaccharias is still here, under the second altar on the right), the church of San Zaccaria has a tortuous history. A Romanesque version was raised a century after the foundation, this in turn was overhauled in the 1170s (when the present campanile was constructed), a Gothic church followed in the fourteenth century, and finally in 1444 Antonio Gambello embarked on a massive rebuilding project that was concluded some seventy years later by Mauro Codussi , who took over the facade from the first storey upwards – hence its resemblance to San Michele. The end result is a harmonious and distinctively Venetian mixture of Gothic and Renaissance styles.


San Zaccaria is open regular 10am-noon & 4-6pm.


The interior’s notable architectural feature is its ambulatory : unique in Venice, it might have been built to accommodate the procession of the doges’ Easter Sunday visit, a ritual that began back in the twelfth century after the convent had sold to the state the land that was to become the Piazza. Nearly every inch of surround surface is hung with seventeenth- and eighteenth-century paintings, all of them outshone by Giovanni Bellini ’s large Madonna and Four Saints (1505), on the second altar on the left; you might think that the natural light is enough, but drop a coin into the light-box and you’ll see what you were missing. The continuation of the architectural frame (possibly by Pietro Lombardo) into the canvas reveals that the painting hangs in its original spot – although it sojourned briefly in the Louvre, a period in which the top arched segment was removed. Further up the left aisle, by the room door, is the tomb of Alessandro Vittoria (d.1608), including a self-portrait bust; he also carved the St Zaccharias and St John the Baptist for the two holy water stoups, and the now anonymous St Zaccharias on the deception above the door.

The L2000/1.03 fee payable to enter the Cappella di Sant’Atanasio and Cappella di San Tarasio (off the right aisle) is well worth it. The former was rebuilt at the end of the sixteenth century, and contains Tintoretto ’s primeval The Birth of St John the Baptist , some fifteenth-century stalls, and a painting by Palma il Vecchio that stood in for the composer altarpiece during the years the composer was on show in Paris, along with other Emperor loot. Only in the latter chapel does it become obvious that the chapels occupy much of the site of the Gothic church that preceded the present one. Three wonderful anconas (composite altarpieces) by Antonio Vivarini and Giovanni d’Alemagna (all 1443) are the highlight: the one on the left is dedicated to Saint Sabine, whose tomb is below it; the main altarpiece has recently been restored, a process that has revealed a seven-panelled predella now attributed to Paolo Veneziano, the primeval celebrated Venetian artist (d. c.1358). You can also make out the decayed frescoes by Andrea del Castagno and Francesco da Faenza in the vault (painted a year before the Vivarinis), while the floor has been cut away in places to reveal mosaics from the twelfth-century San Zaccaria. Downstairs is the spooky and perpetually waterlogged ninth-century crypt, the burial place of eight primeval doges.

Frari District

For a rapid survey of the summit of Venetian painting in its golden age, your first stop after the Accademia should be the constellation of buildings a few alleys west of San Polo – the Frari , the Scuola Grande di San Rocco and San Rocco church. The genesis of Ruskin’s preoccupation with Venice was a visit to the Scuola, where a pictorial interpretation of the life of Christ by Tintoretto flows through the entire building; and if you can take yet more after the intensity of the Scuola’s cycle, the church next door contains further works by him. A trio of magnificent altarpieces by Bellini and Titian are the principal treasures of the Frari, but even if these don’t strike a chord, there’s bound to be something among the church’s assembly of paintings, sculptures and monuments that’ll get it onto your list of Venetian highlights.

Books

A comprehensive Venetian reading-list would run on for dozens of pages, and would include a vast number of out-of-print titles. Most of our recommendations are in print, and those that aren’t shouldn’t be too difficult to track down. Wherever a book is in print, the UK publisher is given first in apiece listing, followed by the publisher in the US – unless the title is acquirable in one country only, in which case we have specified which country, or is published by the same company in both territories, in which case only the publisher is specified

Fiction

Italo Calvino , Invisible Cities (Minerva; Harcourt, Brace). Characteristically subtle variations on the intent of the City, presented in the form of tales told by Marco Polo to Kublai Khan. No explicit reference to Venice until well past halfway, when Polo remarks -”Every time I describe a city I am saying something about Venice.”James Cowans , A Mapmaker’s Dream (Sceptre; Warner). Engaging historical-philosophical fantasy based on the creation of Fra Mauro’s famous map of the world, one of the great exhibits in the Libreria Sansoviniana.

Michael Dibdin , Dead Lagoon (Faber; Vintage). Superior detective story starring Venice-born Aurelio Zen, a cop entangled in the political maze of 1990s Italy.

Ernest Hemingway , Across the River and into the Trees (Arrow; Scribner). Hemingway at his most square-jawed and most mannered: our hero fights good, drinks good, loves good, and could shoot a duck out of the skies from the hip at a range of half a mile. Target of one of the funniest parodies ever written: E.B. White’s Across the Street and into the Grill – “‘I love you,” he said, “and we are going to lunch together for the first and only time, and I love you very much.”‘

E.T.A. Hoffmann , Doge and Dogaressa (in Tales of Hoffmann , Penguin). Fanciful reconstruction of events surrounding the treason of Marin Falier, by one of the pivotal figures of German Romanticism. Lots of passion and pathos, narrated at headlong pace.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal , Andreas (Pushkin Press; Turtle Point Press). The last novel by a writer nowadays best known for his collaborations with the composer Richard Strauss. An interesting example of the use of Venice as a metaphor for moral decay, it charts the corruption of a naïve Viennese aristocrat in the slippery city – or, rather, it would have done, had Hofmannsthal finished it. As it is, most of the text consists of notes, which makes it something of an esoteric pleasure.

Henry James , The Aspern Papers & The Wings of the Dove (both Penguin). The first, a 100-page tale about a biographer’s manipulative attempts to get at the individualized papers of a deceased writer, is one of James’s most tautly constructed longer stories. The latter, one of the three vast and circumspect late novels, was likened to caviar by Ezra Pound, and is likely to place you off saint for life if you come to it without acclimatizing yourself with the early stuff.

Donna Leon , Acqua Alta (Pan; Harper o/p). Liberally alcoholic with an insider’s observations on regular life in Venice, this is the most atmospheric of Leon’s long sequence of highly competent Venice-set detective novels.

Thomas Mann , Death in Venice (Minerva; Penguin). Profound study of the demands of art and the claims of the flesh, with the city itself thematically significant rather than a mere exotic backdrop. Richer than most stories five times its length and infinitely more complex than Visconti’s sentimentalizing film.

Ian McEwan , The Comfort of Strangers (Vintage). A modern Gothic yarn in which an ordinary young English couple start foul of a sexually ambiguous predator. Venice is never titled as the locality, but is evoked with some subtlety and menace.

Caryl Phillips, The Nature of Blood (Faber; Vintage). Principally set during the Holocaust, this exploration of persecution and alienation interweaves the twentieth century with re-creations of sixteenth-century Venetian society, particularly the Ghetto.

Marcel Proust , Albertine Disparue . The Venetian interlude, occurring in the penultimate novel of Proust’s massive novel sequence, can be sampled in isolation for its acute dissection of the sensory experience of the city – but to get the most from it, you’ve got to knuckle down and commit yourself to the preceding ten volumes of À la Recherche . The best English translation is D.J. Enright’s revision of the pioneering Kilmartin/Scott-Moncrieff version, published in six paperback volumes (Vintage; Modern Library).

William Rivière , A Venetian Theory of Heaven (Sceptre in UK). Pleasant, undemanding story of marital woes and emotional confusion, with expertly evoked Venetian setting.

Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo), The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (Da Capo, o/p). A transparent exercise in self-justification, much of it taken up with venomous ridicule of the English community in Venice, among whom Rolfe moved while writing the book in 1909. (Its libellous streak kept it unpublished for 25 years.) Snobbish and incoherent, redeemed by hilarious character-assassinations and gorgeous descriptive passages. One of the few books by an Anglophone to be saturated with a knowledge of the place. Unfortunately, the Da Capo paperback is currently out of print, leaving a very expensive hardback as the only one in the catalogue.

Arthur Schnitzler , Casanova’s Return to Venice (Pushkin Press in UK). Something of a Schnitzler revival followed the release of Kubrick’s Eyes Wide Shut , which was adapted from a novella by this contemporary and compatriot of Freud. This similarly short and intense book also explores the dynamics of desire, but from the appearance of a desperate man who is rapidly approaching the end of his life.

Michel Tournier , Gemini (Johns Hopkins). Venice is just one of the localities through which the same twins Jean and Paul (known to their parents as Jean-Paul) are taken in this amazingly inventive exploration of the concept of twinship. It might be flashy in places, yet Tournier throws away more ideas in the course of a novel than most writers dream up in a lifetime.

Barry Unsworth , Stone Virgin (Penguin; Norton). Yet another story of the uncanny repetitions of history – this time an English expert in stone conservation begins to suspect that his emotional entanglement with a sculptor’s wife is a recapitulation of a past liaison. The gobbets of scholarly detail sit uncomfortably alongside the melodrama of the plot.

Salley Vickers , Miss Garnet’s Angel (HarperCollins/Carroll & Graf). Desiccated spinster (a Marxist as well, to make matters worse) is awakened by Venice to the finer things in life – a somewhat hackneyed tale, but Vickers has a sound knowledge of the city and its art, and displays a light touch in her recreation of the place.

Jeanette Winterson , The Passion (Vintage; Grove). Whimsical little tale of the intertwined lives of a member of Napoleon’s catering corps and a female gondolier. Acclaimed as a masterpiece in some quarters.

Art and architecture

James S. Ackerman , Palladio (Penguin; Viking). Concise introduction to the life, works and cultural background of the Veneto’s greatest architect. Especially useful if you’re visiting Vicenza or any of the villas.Svetlana Alpers and Michael Baxandall , Tiepolo and the Pictorial Intelligence (Yale). This brilliant book analyzes with exhilarating precision the way in which Tiepolo perceived and re-created the world in his paintings, and demolishes the notion that Tiepolo was merely a “decorative” artist. Though they devote most space to the frescoes at Würzburg, Alpers and Baxandall discuss many of the Tiepolo paintings in Venice and the Veneto, and their revelatory readings will enrich any encounter with his art. The reproductions maintain Yale’s customary high standards.

Patricia Fortini Brown , Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio (Yale). Rigorously researched study of a subject central to Venetian culture yet often overlooked in more general accounts. Fresh reactions to the works discussed are combined with a penetrating analysis of the ways they reflect the ideals of the Republic at the time. Worth every penny.

Richard Goy , Venice: The City and its Architecture (Phaidon). Published in 1997, this superb book instantly became the benchmark. Eschewing the linear narrative adopted by previous writers on the city’s architecture, Goy goes for a multi-angled approach, devoting one part to the growth of the city and its evolving technologies, another to its “nuclei” (the Piazza, Arsenale, Ghetto and Rialto), and the last to its building types (palazzi, churches, etc). The result is a book that does full justice to the richness and density of the Venetian cityscape – and the design and choice of pictures are exemplary.

Alastair Grieve , Whistler’s Venice (Yale). Bankrupted after his libel action against Ruskin, Whistler took himself off to Venice to lick his wounds. He ended up staying for a year, having been inspired by the city to produce some of his finest work. Grieve’s methodical and deeply researched book – yet another beautifully produced Venetian title from Yale – reproduces the fifty etchings and one hundred pastels that Whistler created in that year, juxtaposing them with photographs and other images of the locales in a way that elucidates the artist’s way of working, and builds up an absorbing portrait of the city in the late nineteenth century.

Paul Hills , Venetian Colour (Yale). Seductive colour has always been seen as a pre-eminent characteristic of Venetian painting and applied art, but this handsome book, subtitled “Marble, mosaic, painting and glass 1250-1550″, has some interesting angles on a subject you might have thought had been exhausted long ago. Hills discusses the production of dyes, pigments and works of art in the context of the Republic’s mercantile culture, relating aspects of pictorial style to the social history of Venetian costume, for example, and explaining how black came to be the most luxurious of hues. First-class illustrations, as is usually the case with this publisher.

Paul Holberton , Palladio’s Villas (John Murray). Excellent survey of the architectural principles underlying Palladio’s country houses, and the social environment within which they were created.

Deborah Howard , The Architectural History of Venice (o/p); Jacopo Sansovino: Architecture and Patronage in Renaissance Venice (Yale); Venice & the East (Yale). The former is a fine introduction to the subject (and should soon be back in print), while the latter’s analysis of the environment within which Sansovino operated is of wider interest than you might think. Howard’s latest book, Venice & the East , is a fascinating and characteristically rigorous examination of the ways in which the artifact of the city was conditioned by the close contact between Venice’s merchants and the Islamic world in the period 1100-1500. It’s a truism that San Marco and the Palazzo Ducale are hybrids of Western and Islamic styles, but this splendidly illustrated study not only has illuminating things to say about those two great monuments – it makes you look freshly at the texture of the whole city.

Peter Lauritzen and Alexander Zielcke , The Palaces of Venice (Laurence King, o/p). Lauritzen knows Venice as intimately as anyone currently writing. This is a rich blend of social and architectural history, and Zielcke’s photographs are outstanding.

Michael Levey , Painting in Eighteenth Century Venice (Yale). On its appearance in 1959 this book was the first detailed discussion of its subject. Now in its third edition, it’s still the most thorough exposition of the art of Venice’s last golden age, though it shows its age in concentration on heroic personalities – Giambattista Tiepolo in particular.

Ralph Lieberman , Renaissance Architecture in Venice (Abbeville, o/p). Lieberman illustrates the complex development of structure in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Venice through a chronological survey of key buildings, but annoyingly calls a halt at 1540. Authoritative without being pedantic.

John McAndrew , Venetian Architecture of the Early Renaissance (o/p). Definitive study of its subject by one of the very few writers to have studied Venice’s buildings with anything like Ruskin’s concentration. A beautiful book, but expensive even second-hand.

Tom Nichols , Tintoretto (Reaktion Books). Ever since Vasari wrote his life of the artist, Tintoretto has been presented as an artist who flouted all the conventions of Venetian painting. This in-depth study overturns that somewhat romanticised notion, to reveal a figure who was both a immoderate and a populist. By far the best monograph on Tintoretto in English.

Filippo Pedrocco and M.A. Chiara Moretto Wiel , Titian – The Complete Paintings (Thames & Hudson). The text is worthy rather than stimulating (there’s a lot of discussion of technique, but little social context), but every surviving picture in Titian’s colossal oeuvre is reproduced in colour, and the interpretations of individual paintings are as sound as you’d expect from two of the world’s leading experts on the subject.

Terisio Pignatti and Filippo Pedrocco , Giorgione (Rizzoli). Expensive monograph on the most enigmatic of the great Venetian painters. Not especially acute in its observations, but very thorough, very nicely produced, and better than the other in-print titles devoted to Giorgione.

Sarah Quill , Ruskin’s Venice: The Stones Revisited (Ashgate). Prefaced by four brief but informative essays on Ruskin and Venice, the core of this book is a judicious selection of short passages from The Stones of Venice and other works by Ruskin, with excellent illustrations for every excerpt. Most of the pictures are crisp colour photographs of buildings and architectural details, but the book also includes some of Ruskin’s own watercolours and drawings.

David Rosand , Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice (Cambridge University Press). Covers the century of Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese as thoroughly as most readers will want; especially good on the social networks and artistic conventions within which the painters worked.

John Ruskin , The Stones of Venice . Enchanting, enlightening and infuriating in about equal measure, this is still the most stimulating book written about Venice by a non-Venetian. Sadly, you’ll have to scour the second-hand bookshops to get hold of the full three-volume edition, as the only editions in print are abridgements, the best of which is published by Da Capo.

John Steer , A Concise History of Venetian Painting (Thames & Hudson). Whistle-stop tour of Venetian art from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. Skimpy and undemanding, but a useful aid to sorting your thoughts out after the visual deluge of Venice’s churches and museums, and the plentiful pictures come in handy when your memory needs a prod.

Anchise Tempestini , Giovanni Bellini (Abbeville). Deeply knowledgeable overview of the work of the first great Venetian Renaissance artist, with copious full-colour plates. No other currently acquirable book does justice to him.

John Unrau , Ruskin and St Mark’s (o/p). Ruskin discarded around 600 pages of notes and drawings of San Marco when he came to prepare the text of The Stones of Venice ; using this material, Unrau has produced a book that is as illuminating about Ruskin as it is about the building. A fine selection of watercolours, paintings and photographs complements the text.

Ettore Vio (ed.), St Mark’s Basilica in Venice (Thames & Hudson). Edited by the man who is the current proto of San Marco (ie the mortal in overall charge of the building’s conservation), this lusciously illustrated paperback gives you an informative close-up tour of the artifact and contents of Europe’s most ornate cathedral, from the carvings of the façade to the goldwork of the treasury.

History

Fernand Braudel , The Mediterranean in the Age of Philip II (University of California). Vast, magisterial analysis of the economics and politics of the Mediterranean in the second half of the sixteenth century, with Venice rarely off the stage. Braudel’s deployment of masses of raw material (population statistics, contemporary chronicles, trade documents) requires prolonged and unwavering attention.Patricia Fortini Brown , Venice and Antiquity (Yale). Subtitled “The Venetian Sense of the Past”, this fascinating book explores a subject that strangely no-one has tackled in depth before – the ways in which an imperialist city with no pre-Christian past went about classicizing its self-image. Drawing on a vast range of cultural artefacts, from the great monuments to private manuscripts and medals, Brown adds a new dimension to the history of Venice between the thirteenth and the sixteenth centuries, the city’s Golden Age. It’s not cushy going but the effort is worthwhile, and superlative pictures go some way to leaven the text.

David Chambers and Brian Pullen (eds.), Venice: A Documentary History, 1450-1630 (Blackwell, o/p). A fine anthology of contemporary chronicles and documents, virtually none of which have previously been translated. Invaluable for getting the feel of the city in its heyday.

Robert Finlay , Politics in Renaissance Venice (o/p). Subverts a few received ideas about the political tranquillity of La Serenissima, and is alcoholic with anecdotes about the squabbling, scheming aristocracy. Though not the first book you’d read after your holiday, it explains the mechanics of power in Venice with great clarity.

Christopher Hibbert , Venice, The Biography of a City (Grafton, o/p; Norton, o/p). The usual highly proficient Hibbert synthesis of a vast range of secondary material. Very good on the changing social artifact of the city, with more on twentieth-century Venice than most others. Excellent illustrations too – but, bafflingly, it’s currently out of print on both sides of the Atlantic.

Frederic C. Lane , Venice, A Maritime Republic (Johns Hopkins, o/p). The most authoritative one-volume socio-economic history of the city in English, based on decades of research. Excellent on the infrastructure of the city, and on the changing texture of everyday life. A rather more arduous read than John Julius Norwich’s populist history (see below), which is presumably why it’s slipped out of print.

Jan Morris , The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage (Penguin). Anecdotal survey of the Republic’s Mediterranean empire, with excursions on the evidence left behind. More a sketch than an attempt to give the full picture, it bears the usual Morris stylistic imprint – ie, a touch too rich for some tastes.

John Julius Norwich , A History of Venice (Penguin; Vintage). Although it’s far more reliant on secondary sources than Lane, and nowhere near as compendious – you won’t learn much, for example, about Venice’s finances, which is a major omission in a history of the quintessential mercantile city – this book is unbeatable for its grand narrative sweep.

A Venetian miscellany

Pietro Aretino , Selected Letters (Penguin, o/p). Edited highlights from the voluminous correspondence of a man who could be described as the world’s first professional journalist. Recipients include Titian, Michelangelo, Charles V, Francis I, the pope, the doge, Cosimo de’ Medici – virtually anybody who was anybody in sixteenth-century Europe.Helen Barolini , Aldus and his Dream Book (Italica Press). The innovative printer and typographer Aldus Manutius was a crucial figure in the culture of Renaissance Europe, but for every thousand visitors to Venice who have heard of Titian there’s perhaps one who knows anything of Aldus. This concise, elegant and scholarly study deserves to rectify that situation, and is copiously illustrated with pages from the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili , a recondite allegory that was the most beautiful book Aldus – or anyone else for that matter – ever published. The complete Hypnerotomachia is now acquirable in English from Thames & Hudson, in an edition that’s in the same format as the original and reproduces all 174 of its woodcuts; it’s a fine piece of publishing, but the lay reader is likely to find the text somewhat abstruse.

Joseph Brodsky , Watermark (Hamish Hamilton, o/p; Noonday). Musings on the wonder of being in Venice and the wonder of being Joseph Brodsky, Nobel laureate and friend of the great. Flashes of imagistic brilliance vitiated by some primitive sexual politics.

Giacomo Casanova , History of My Life (Johns Hopkins). For pace, candour and wit, the insatiable seducer’s autobiography ranks with the journals of saint Boswell, a contemporary of similar sexual and literary stamina. The twelve-volume sequence (here handsomely repackaged into six paperbacks) takes him right crossways Europe, from Madrid to Moscow. His Venetian escapades are covered in volumes two and three of Willard Trask’s magnificent translation.

Roberta Curiel and physiologist Dov Cooperman , The Ghetto Of Venice (Tauris Parke, o/p). Prefaced by a concise history of the Jewish community in Venice, the main part of this lavishly produced book is a synagogue-by-synagogue tour of the ghetto.

Milton Grundy , Venice: An Anthology Guide (De la Mare). A series of itineraries of the city fleshed out with appropriate excerpts from a huge range of travellers and scholars. Doesn’t cover every major sight in Venice, but the choice of quotations couldn’t be bettered.

Henry James , Italian Hours (Penguin). Urbane travel pieces from the young Henry James, including five essays on Venice. Perceptive observations on the paintings and structure of the city, but mainly of interest in its evocation of the tone of Venice in the 1860s and 70s.

Henry James , Letters from the Palazzo Barbaro (Pushkin Press; Turtle Point Press). Palazzo Barbaro was the home of the Curtis family, whose circle of friends included not just Henry saint (who was a frequent guest in the house) but also John Singer Sargent, saint Whistler and Robert Browning. Consisting primarily of letters by saint (some of them previously unpublished), this engaging little book also contains correspondence from the Curtis family, and creates a vivid composite portrait of life among the city’s expatriate American community a hundred years ago.

Ian Littlewood , Venice: A Literary Companion (Penguin; St Martin’s Press). Wide-ranging anthology of writings on the city, including many pieces that will be unfamiliar to all but the most scholarly devotees of Venice.

Giulio Lorenzetti , Venice and its Lagoon (Lint). The most thorough cultural guide ever written to any European city – Lorenzetti seems to have researched the history of every brick and every canvas. Though completely unmanageable as a guidebook (it even has an index to the indexes), it’s indispensable for all those besotted with the place. Almost impossible to find outside Venice, but every bookshop in the city sells it.

Mary McCarthy , Venice Observed (Penguin; Harcourt, Brace). Originally written for the New Yorker ; McCarthy’s clear-eyed and brisk report is a refreshing antidote to the gushing enthusiasm of most first-hand accounts from foreigners in Venice. The UK Penguin edition combines it with her equally entertaining The Stones of Florence .

James Morris , Venice (Faber; published in the US as Jan Morris’s The World of Venice , Harcourt, Brace). To some people this is the most brilliant book ever written about Venice; to others it’s revoltingly fey and self-regarding. But if you can’t stomach the style, Morris’s knowledge of Venice’s folklore provides some compensation.

Tim Parks , Italian Neighbours (Vintage; Fawcett). One of the more worthwhile additions to the genre defined by AYear in Provence , Parks’s book is a sharp and engaging statement of ex-pat life in a village near Verona.

John Pemble , Venice Rediscovered (Oxford University Press). This is one of the most engrossing academic studies of the city to have appeared in recent years, concentrating on the ever-changing perceptions of Venice as a cultural picture since it ceased to exist as a political power. An eloquent writer, totally uninfected by the preciousness that overcomes so many writers on Venice, Pemble unearths stories missing from all other histories.

Dorothea Ritter , Venice in Old Photographs 1841-1920 (Laurence King, o/p; Little, Brown, o/p). A well-researched and beautifully presented book, packed with rare images of Venice spanning the years from the birth of photography to the birth of mass tourism. The cityscapes have barely altered, but the scenes of everyday Venetian life come from another world.

A.J.A. Symons , The Quest for Corvo (Quartet; Ecco, o/p). Misanthropic, devious and solitary, Frederick Rolfe was a tricky subject for a biographer to tackle, and Symons’ book, subtitled An Experiment in Biography , makes the difficult process of writing Rolfe’s life the focus of its narrative. An engrossing piece of literary detective work, and a perfect introduction to Rolfe’s Venetian novel, The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole .

Stefan Zweig , Casanova: A Study in Self-Portraiture (Pushkin Press; Turtle Point Press). A fascinating study of Casanova’s life and autobiography, offering a persuasive analysis that differs strikingly from the clichéd image of Casanova as a real-life Don Juan – in fact, author presents him as the very antithesis of Don Juan the misogynistic seducer. Though brief, this is the best book on its subject.

Museo Civico

Siena

The Palazzo Pubblico (also known as Palazzo Comunale), with its 97m belltower, the Torre del Mangia, is the focus of the Campo, occupying virtually its entire south side. Its three-part windows pleased the council so much that they ordered their emulation on all other buildings on the square. The palazzo is still in use as Siena’s town hall, but its principal rooms have been converted into the Museo Civico (daily: July & Aug 10am-11pm; March-Oct 10am-7pm; Nov-Feb 10am-6.30pm; www.comune.siena.it/museocivico ) – a series of grand halls frescoed with themes integral to the secular life of the medieval city. If you have time or inclination for only one of Siena’s museums, make it this one. Admission to the Museo Civico is L12,000/¬6.20, to the Torre del Mangia L10,000/¬5.16. A joint ticket for them both is L18,000/¬9.30 or for multi-entry tickets . An audioguide for the museum, acquirable in English, costs L7000/¬3.61. At the top of the stairs, you’re directed through a disappointing five-room picture room to the Sala del Risorgimento , painted with nineteenth-century scenes of Vittorio Emanuele, first king of Italy. Across the corridor is a series of frescoed rooms, the Sala di Balìa (or dei Priori; room 10), the Anticamera del Concistoro , and the grand Sala del Concistoro . Room 13, the Vestibolo , holds a gilded bronze of the She-Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus (1429), an allusion to Siena’s mythical founding. Alongside is the Anticappella , decorated between 1407 and 1414 by Taddeo di Bartolo. Behind a majestic wrought-iron screen by Jacopo della Quercia is the Cappella del Consiglio , also frescoed by di Bartolo and holding an exceptional altarpiece by Sodoma and exquisite inlaid choir-stalls.

All these are little more than a warm-up for room 16, the great Sala del Mappamondo . Taking its study from the now scarcely visible frescoed cosmology – a circular map by Lorenzetti – the room was used for several centuries as the city’s law court, and contains one of the greatest of all Italian frescoes. Simone Martini’s mythologic Maestà (Virgin in Majesty) is a painting of almost translucent colour, painted in 1315 when Martini was thirty. The richly decorative style is archetypal Sienese Gothic and Martini’s great innovation was the use of a canopy and a frieze of medallions to frame and organize the figures – lending a sense of space and hint of appearance that suggest a knowledge of Giotto’s work. The fresco on the opposite wall, the Equestrian Portrait of Guidoriccio da Fogliano , is a motif for medieval chivalric Siena and was, until recently, also credited to Martini. Art historians, however, have long puzzled over the anachronistic castles, which are of a much later style than the painting’s signed date of 1328. A number of historians – led by the American Gordon Moran (whom the city council accused of being a CIA agent and for a while illegal from the building) – interpret the Guidoriccio as a sixteenth-century fake, while others maintain that it is a genuine Martini overpainted by subsequent restorers. The newly revealed fresco below the portrait, of two figures in front of a castle, is meanwhile variously attributed to Martini, Duccio and Pietro Lorenzetti.

The adjacent Sala della Pace holds Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Allegories of Good and Bad Government , frescoes commissioned in 1338 to remind the councillors of their duties. This is one of Europe’s most important cycles of medieval secular painting, and includes the first-known panorama in Western art. The walled city shown is clearly Siena, and the paintings are full of details of medieval life; their moral theme is expressed in a complex iconography of allegorical virtues and figures. Good Government (the better-preserved half) is dominated by a throned figure representing the comune , flanked by the Virtues and with Faith, Hope and Charity buzzing about his head. To the left, Justice (with Wisdom in the air above) dispenses rewards and punishments, while below her throne Concordia advises the Republic’s councillors on their duties. Bad Government is ruled by a horned demon, while over the city flies the figure of Fear, whose scroll reads: “Because he looks for his own good in the world, he places justice beneath tyranny. So nobody walks this road without Fear: robbery thrives inside and outside the city gates.”

Some fine panel paintings by Lorenzetti’s contemporaries are displayed in the Sala dei Pilastri to one side. Take time to climb the stairs up to the rear loggia , where you can crane your neck to see the current council chambers, also frescoed. From the loggia you can see how abruptly the town ends: buildings rise to the right and left for a few hundred metres along the ridges of the Terzo di San Martino and Terzo di Città, holding a rural valley in their embrace.

Off to the left of the Palazzo Pubblico’s internal courtyard, opposite the entrance to the Museo Civico, a door gives access to the 503 steps of the Torre del Mangia (daily: July-Sept 10am-11pm; March-June & Oct 10am-7pm; Nov-Jan 10am-4pm), which gives mythologic views crossways town and countryside. The tower takes its study from its first watchman – a slothful glutton ( mangiaguadagni ) who is commemorated by a statue in the courtyard.

Along Via Di Citta 

Siena

Via di Città is the main thoroughfare linking the duomo with the Campo, and is lined with shops and plenty of explorable side-alleys, as well as being fronted by some of Siena’s finest private palazzi. The Palazzo Chigi-Saracini at no. 82 is a Gothic beauty, with its curved deception and rear courtyard. Almost opposite, at Via di Città 126, is the fifteenth-century Palazzo delle Papesse , Siena’s museum of contemporary art (daily noon-7pm; L9000/¬4.65; www.comune.siena.it/papesse ). Its four airy floors house excellent temporary exhibits covering anything from structure to video art, displayed in rooms, some with nineteenth-century frescoes, that still conserve many of their original Renaissance structural and decorative features. Via di Città continues to a small piazza from where Via San Pietro leads left (south) to the fourteenth-century Palazzo Buonsignori, now the home of the Pinacoteca Nazionale (Mon 8.30am-1.30pm, Tues-Sat 9am-7pm, Sun 8am-1pm; L8000/¬4.13). The collection is a roll of honour of Sienese Gothic painting. The first rooms – two storeys up – hold a host of gilded, thirteenth-century Madonnas; in room 7-8, two tiny panels recently attributed to Sassetta – City by the Sea and Castle by a Lake – are described as the first-ever landscape paintings entirely devoid of religious purpose. Down one flight are Renaissance works by such as Sodoma, whose panel of the Deposition (room 32) and frescoes from Sant’Agostino (room 37) show his characteristic drama and delight in costume and landscape. The gallery’s topmost storey is devoted to the Collezione Spannocchi , a miscellany of Italian, German and Flemish works, including the only painting in the museum by a female artist – Bernardo Campi Painting Sofonisba’s Portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola, a neat little joke in which the artist excels in her portrait of Campi, but depicts his portrait of her as a flat stereotype.

South of the Pinacoteca Nazionale is the church of Sant’Agostino (mid-March to Oct regular 10.30am-1.30pm & 3-5.30pm; L3000/¬1.55; www.operaduomo.it )–>, with outstanding paintings by Perugino (a Crucifixion in the second altar of the south aisle) and Sodoma ( Adoration of the Magi in the Cappella Piccolomini). A nice achievement loops southwest along Via della Cerchia into a studentish area around the church of Santa Maria del Carmine (which contains a hermaphrodite St Michael and the Devil by Beccafumi). Via del Fosso di San Ansano, north of the Carmine square, is a country lane above terraced vineyards which leads to the Selva (Rhinoceros) contrada ’s square, from where the stepped Vicolo di San Girolamo leads up to the duomo.

The Last Judgement

The Last Judgement , on the altar surround of the chapel, was painted by Michelangelo more than twenty years later, between 1535 and 1541. Michelangelo wasn’t especially keen to work on this either – he was still engaged on Julius II’s tomb, under threat of legal action from the late pope’s family – but Pope Paul III, a old acquaintance of the artist, was keen to complete the decoration of the chapel. Michelangelo tried to delay by making demands that were likely to cause the pope to give up entirely, insisting on the removal of two paintings by Perugino and the closing of a window that pierced the end of the chapel. Furthermore he insisted that the surround be replastered, with the top six inches out of the perpendicular to prevent the accumulation of soot and dust.The painting took five years, again single-handed, but it is probably the most inspired and most homogeneous large-scale painting you’re ever likely to see, the technical virtuosity of Michelangelo taking a back seat to the sheer exuberance of the work. The human body is fashioned into a finely captured set of exquisite poses: even the unsaved can be seen as a celebration of the human form. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the painting offended some, and even before it was complete Rome was divided as to its merits, especially regarding the etiquette of introducing such a display of nudity into the pope’s private chapel. But Michelangelo’s response to this was unequivocal, lampooning one of his fiercer critics, the pope’s master of ceremonies at the time, Biago di Cesena, as Minos, the doorkeeper of hell, with ass’s ears and an entwined serpent in the bottom right-hand corner of the picture. Later the pope’s zealous successor, Pius IV, objected to the painting and would have had it removed entirely had not Michelangelo’s pupil, Daniele da Volterra, appeased him by carefully – and selectively – adding coverings to some of the more obviously unclothed figures, earning himself forever the nickname of the “breeches-maker”. During the recent work, most of the remaining breeches have been discreetly removed, restoring the painting to its former glory.

Briefly, the painting shows the last day of existence, when the bodily resurrection of the dead takes place and the human race is brought before Christ to be either sent to eternity in Paradise or condemned to suffer in Hell. The centre is occupied by Christ, turning angrily as he gestures the condemned to the underworld. St Peter, carrying his gold and silver keys, looks on in astonishment at his Lord filled with rage, while Mary averts her eyes from the scene. Below Christ a group of angels blasts their trumpets to summon the dead from their sleep. Somewhat amusingly, one angel holds a large book, the book of the damned, while another carries a much smaller one, the book of the saved. On the left, the dead awaken from their graves, tombs and sarcophagi and are levitating into the heavens or being pulled by ropes and the napes of their necks by angels who take them before Christ. At the bottom right, Charon, keeper of the underworld, swings his oar at the unsaved souls as they start off the boat into the inactivity gates of hell. Among other characters portrayed are many martyred saints, the apostles, Adam, and, peeking out between the legs of the fear on the left of Christ, Julius II, with a look of fear and astonishment

The Ceiling Paintings

The ceiling at this time was painted as a blue background with gold stars to resemble the night sky. Over the altar there were two additional paintings by Perugino and a large picture of the Virgin Mary. Pope Sixtus IV was succeeded by Innocent VIII, who was followed by Alexander VI, the Borgia pope, who was later, in 1503, after the brief reign of Pius III, succeeded by Giuliano della Rovere, who took the study Julius II. Though a Franciscan friar, he was a violent man with a short temper, and his immediate neutral as pope was to try to regain the lands that had been taken away from the papacy during the reigns of Innocent octad and Alexander VI by the French, Germans and Spanish. For this purpose he started a series of wars and secret alliances.He was also an avid collector and patron of the arts, and he summoned to Rome the best artists and architects of the day. Among these artists was Michelangelo, who, through a series of political intrigues orchestrated by Bramante and Raphael, was assigned the task of decorating the Sistine Chapel. Work commenced in 1508. Oddly enough, Michelangelo hadn’t wanted to do the work at all: he considered himself a sculptor, not a painter, and was more hot to get on with carving Julius II’s tomb (now in San Pietro in Vincoli) than the ceiling, which he regarded as a chore. Pope Julius II, however, had other plans, drawing up a design of the twelve Apostles for the vault and hiring Bramante to design a scaffold for the artist from which to work. Michelangelo was apparently an awkward, solitary character: he had barely begun painting when he rejected Bramante’s scaffold as unusable, fired all his staff, and dumped the pope’s scheme for the ceiling in favour of his own. But the pope was easily his match, and there are tales of the two men clashing while the work was going on – Michelangelo would lock the doors at crucial points, ignoring the pope’s demands to see how it was progressing; and legend has the two men at loggerheads at the top of the scaffold one day, resulting in the pope striking the artist in frustration.

The frescoes depict scenes from the Old Testament, from the Creation of Light at the altar end to the Drunkenness of Noah over the door. The sides are decorated with prophets and sibyls and the ancestors of Jesus. Julius II lived only a few months after the Sistine Chapel ceiling was finished, but the fame of the work he had commissioned soon spread far and wide. Certainly, it’s staggeringly impressive, all the more so for its recent restoration (financed by a Asian TV company to the tune of $3 million in return for three years’ world TV rights), which has lifted centuries of accumulated soot and candle grime off the paintings to reveal a much brighter, more vivid painting than anyone thought existed. The restorers have also been healthy to chart the progress of Michelangelo as he moved crossways the vault. Images on fresco must be completed before the plaster dries, and apiece day a fresh layer of plaster would have been laid, on which Michelangelo would have had around eight hours or so before having to finish for the day. Comparing the different areas of plaster, it seems the figure of Adam, in the key Creation of Adam scene, took just four days; God, in the same fresco, took three days. You can also see the development of Michelangelo as a painter when you look at the paintings in reverse order. The first painting, over the door, the Drunkenness of Noah, is done in a stiff and formal style, and is vastly different from the last painting he did, over the altar, The Creation of Light, which shows the artist at his best, the perfect master of the technique of fresco painting.

Entering from behind the altar, you are supposed, as you look up, to imagine that you are looking into heaven through the arches of the fictive structure that springs from the sides of the chapel, supported by little putti caryatids and ignudi or nudes, bearing shields and della Rovere oakleaf garlands. Look at the pagan sibyls and biblical prophets which Michelangelo also incorporated in his scheme – some of the most dramatic figures in the entire work, and all clearly labelled by the painter, from the sensitive figure of the Delphic Sybil, to the hag-like Cumaean Sybil, whose biceps would place a Bulgarian shotputter to shame. Look out too for the figure of the prophet Jeremiah – a brooding self-portrait of an exhausted-looking Michelangelo.

The paintings of the central panels start with a large portrait of Jonah and the Whale, and move on, respectively, to God Separating Light from Darkness – His arms bowed, beard flowing, as he pushes the two qualities apart; God Creating the Sun, the Moon and the Planets – in which Michelangelo has painted God twice, once with his back to us hurling the moon into existence and simultaneously displaying another moon to the audience; God Separating Land from Water; and, in the fourth panel, probably most famous of all these paintings, the Creation of Adam, in which God sparks Adam into life with the touch of his finger. God’s cape billows behind him, where a number of figures stand – representatives of all the unborn generations to come after Adam. The startled young woman looking at Adam is either Eve or the Virgin Mary, here as a witness to the first events in human history.

The fifth panel from the altar shows the Creation of Eve, in which Adam is knocked out under the stump of a della Rovere oak tree and God summons Eve from his side as he sleeps. She comes out in a half-crouch position with her hands clasped in prayer of thanksgiving and awe. The sixth panel is the powerful Temptation and Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, with an evil spirit, depicted as a serpent, leaning out from the tree of knowledge and handing the fruit to Adam. On the right of this painting the angel of the Lord, in swirling red robes is brandishing his sword of original sin at the backside of Adam’s neck as he tries to fend the angel off, motioning with both hands. The eighth panel continues the story, with the Story of the Flood, and the unrighteous bulk of mankind taking shelter under tents from the rain while Noah and his kin make off for the Ark in the distance. Panel seven shows Noah and his family making a Sacrifice of Thanksgiving to the Lord for their innocuous arrival after the flood; one of the sons of Noah kneels to blow on the fire to make it hotter, while his wife brings armloads of wood. Lastly, there’s the Drunkenness of Noah in which Noah is shown getting drunk after harvesting the vines and exposing his genitals to his sons (it is strictly prohibited in the Hebrew canon that a father should show his organs of reproduction to his children) – although oddly enough Noah’s sons are unclothed too.