Entries with architecture tag

Palladio

Born in Padua in 1508, Andrea di Pietro (or della Gondola) began his career as an novice stonemason in Vicenza. At thirty he became the protégé of a local nobleman, Count Giangiorgio Trissino, the leading light of the humanist Accademia Olimpico – a learned society which still meets in Vicenza. Trissino gave the architect his classicized name, Palladio , directed his architectural training, brought him into contact with the dominant class of Vicenza and, perhaps most crucially, took him to Rome – the first of many trips he prefabricated through Italy, sketching Imperial Roman remains.

Between 1540 and his death in 1580, Palladio created around a dozen palaces and public buildings in Vicenza, nearly twenty villas in the countryside of the Veneto and two important religious buildings in Venice. But unlike the pioneers of Renaissance Classicism – architects such as Alberti, Brunelleschi and Bramante – Palladio’s reputation does not rest on a particular transformation of architectural style. Instead, his fame – and he is arguably the most influential architect in the world – rests on the way he is considered to have perfected existing values of harmony and proportion.

In particular, his lasting influence stems from I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura or “The Four Books of Architecture”, a treatise he published in 1570, towards the end of his career. Other architects had written important works of theory, but Palladio’s is unique in its practical applicability, serving almost as a text book for Classical architecture. As the style spread into the rest of Europe and beyond, it was to Palladio’s book that architects like Inigo Jones (and later, Thomas Jefferson) turned, finding both inspiration and guidance in his examples.

Today, Palladio has perhaps become the victim of his own success. The presence of neo-Classicism in second-rate churches and third-rate bank buildings can make it hard to sense the freshness and brilliance of his designs, though it still shines through in masterpieces like the Basilica in Vicenza, the Villa Barbaro near Ásolo and the churches of the Redentore and San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. Even if you’re inclined to agree with Herbert Read’s opinion that “in the back of every dying civilization there sticks a bloody Doric column”, you might leave the region converted

Santi Maria E Donato

The main reason for visiting Murano is the church of Santi Maria e Donato . It was founded in the seventh century but rebuilt in the twelfth, and is one of the lagoon’s best examples of Veneto-Byzantine structure – the ornate rear apse being particularly fine. Originally dedicated to the Virgin, the church was rededicated in 1125 when the relics of Saint Donatus were brought here from Cephalonia by Doge Domenico Michiel , who also picked up the remains of Saint Isidore and the stone on which Jesus stood to preach to the men of Tyre – both of which are now in the Basilica di San Marco. Saint Donatus once slew a dragon simply by spitting at it – the four splendid bones hanging behind the altar are allegedly from the unfortunate beast.


Santi Maria e Donato is open regular 8am-noon & 4-7pm.


The glory of the interior is its mosaic floor (dated 1141 in the nave), a beautiful weave of nonfigurative patterns and figures – an raptor carries off a deer; two roosters carry off a fox, slung from a pole (symbols of the triumph of Christianity over paganism). The floor was extensively restored and completely relaid in the 1970s, a process illustrated by photos on display in the right aisle. Apart from the arresting twelfth-century mosaic of the Madonna in the apse, a variant (without bambino ) of the contemporaneous mosaic at Torcello, the features that invite perusal are the fifteenth-century ship’s-keel roof, the sixth-century pulpit, the Veneto-Byzantine capitals, and the lunette painting halfway down the left aisle, Lazzaro Bastiani’s Madonna and Child with Saints and Donor (1484).

Books

A comprehensive Venetian reading-list would run on for dozens of pages, and would include a vast number of out-of-print titles. Most of our recommendations are in print, and those that aren’t shouldn’t be too difficult to track down. Wherever a book is in print, the UK publisher is given first in apiece listing, followed by the publisher in the US – unless the title is acquirable in one country only, in which case we have specified which country, or is published by the same company in both territories, in which case only the publisher is specified

Fiction

Italo Calvino , Invisible Cities (Minerva; Harcourt, Brace). Characteristically subtle variations on the intent of the City, presented in the form of tales told by Marco Polo to Kublai Khan. No explicit reference to Venice until well past halfway, when Polo remarks -”Every time I describe a city I am saying something about Venice.”James Cowans , A Mapmaker’s Dream (Sceptre; Warner). Engaging historical-philosophical fantasy based on the creation of Fra Mauro’s famous map of the world, one of the great exhibits in the Libreria Sansoviniana.

Michael Dibdin , Dead Lagoon (Faber; Vintage). Superior detective story starring Venice-born Aurelio Zen, a cop entangled in the political maze of 1990s Italy.

Ernest Hemingway , Across the River and into the Trees (Arrow; Scribner). Hemingway at his most square-jawed and most mannered: our hero fights good, drinks good, loves good, and could shoot a duck out of the skies from the hip at a range of half a mile. Target of one of the funniest parodies ever written: E.B. White’s Across the Street and into the Grill – “‘I love you,” he said, “and we are going to lunch together for the first and only time, and I love you very much.”‘

E.T.A. Hoffmann , Doge and Dogaressa (in Tales of Hoffmann , Penguin). Fanciful reconstruction of events surrounding the treason of Marin Falier, by one of the pivotal figures of German Romanticism. Lots of passion and pathos, narrated at headlong pace.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal , Andreas (Pushkin Press; Turtle Point Press). The last novel by a writer nowadays best known for his collaborations with the composer Richard Strauss. An interesting example of the use of Venice as a metaphor for moral decay, it charts the corruption of a naïve Viennese aristocrat in the slippery city – or, rather, it would have done, had Hofmannsthal finished it. As it is, most of the text consists of notes, which makes it something of an esoteric pleasure.

Henry James , The Aspern Papers & The Wings of the Dove (both Penguin). The first, a 100-page tale about a biographer’s manipulative attempts to get at the individualized papers of a deceased writer, is one of James’s most tautly constructed longer stories. The latter, one of the three vast and circumspect late novels, was likened to caviar by Ezra Pound, and is likely to place you off saint for life if you come to it without acclimatizing yourself with the early stuff.

Donna Leon , Acqua Alta (Pan; Harper o/p). Liberally alcoholic with an insider’s observations on regular life in Venice, this is the most atmospheric of Leon’s long sequence of highly competent Venice-set detective novels.

Thomas Mann , Death in Venice (Minerva; Penguin). Profound study of the demands of art and the claims of the flesh, with the city itself thematically significant rather than a mere exotic backdrop. Richer than most stories five times its length and infinitely more complex than Visconti’s sentimentalizing film.

Ian McEwan , The Comfort of Strangers (Vintage). A modern Gothic yarn in which an ordinary young English couple start foul of a sexually ambiguous predator. Venice is never titled as the locality, but is evoked with some subtlety and menace.

Caryl Phillips, The Nature of Blood (Faber; Vintage). Principally set during the Holocaust, this exploration of persecution and alienation interweaves the twentieth century with re-creations of sixteenth-century Venetian society, particularly the Ghetto.

Marcel Proust , Albertine Disparue . The Venetian interlude, occurring in the penultimate novel of Proust’s massive novel sequence, can be sampled in isolation for its acute dissection of the sensory experience of the city – but to get the most from it, you’ve got to knuckle down and commit yourself to the preceding ten volumes of À la Recherche . The best English translation is D.J. Enright’s revision of the pioneering Kilmartin/Scott-Moncrieff version, published in six paperback volumes (Vintage; Modern Library).

William Rivière , A Venetian Theory of Heaven (Sceptre in UK). Pleasant, undemanding story of marital woes and emotional confusion, with expertly evoked Venetian setting.

Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo), The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (Da Capo, o/p). A transparent exercise in self-justification, much of it taken up with venomous ridicule of the English community in Venice, among whom Rolfe moved while writing the book in 1909. (Its libellous streak kept it unpublished for 25 years.) Snobbish and incoherent, redeemed by hilarious character-assassinations and gorgeous descriptive passages. One of the few books by an Anglophone to be saturated with a knowledge of the place. Unfortunately, the Da Capo paperback is currently out of print, leaving a very expensive hardback as the only one in the catalogue.

Arthur Schnitzler , Casanova’s Return to Venice (Pushkin Press in UK). Something of a Schnitzler revival followed the release of Kubrick’s Eyes Wide Shut , which was adapted from a novella by this contemporary and compatriot of Freud. This similarly short and intense book also explores the dynamics of desire, but from the appearance of a desperate man who is rapidly approaching the end of his life.

Michel Tournier , Gemini (Johns Hopkins). Venice is just one of the localities through which the same twins Jean and Paul (known to their parents as Jean-Paul) are taken in this amazingly inventive exploration of the concept of twinship. It might be flashy in places, yet Tournier throws away more ideas in the course of a novel than most writers dream up in a lifetime.

Barry Unsworth , Stone Virgin (Penguin; Norton). Yet another story of the uncanny repetitions of history – this time an English expert in stone conservation begins to suspect that his emotional entanglement with a sculptor’s wife is a recapitulation of a past liaison. The gobbets of scholarly detail sit uncomfortably alongside the melodrama of the plot.

Salley Vickers , Miss Garnet’s Angel (HarperCollins/Carroll & Graf). Desiccated spinster (a Marxist as well, to make matters worse) is awakened by Venice to the finer things in life – a somewhat hackneyed tale, but Vickers has a sound knowledge of the city and its art, and displays a light touch in her recreation of the place.

Jeanette Winterson , The Passion (Vintage; Grove). Whimsical little tale of the intertwined lives of a member of Napoleon’s catering corps and a female gondolier. Acclaimed as a masterpiece in some quarters.

Art and architecture

James S. Ackerman , Palladio (Penguin; Viking). Concise introduction to the life, works and cultural background of the Veneto’s greatest architect. Especially useful if you’re visiting Vicenza or any of the villas.Svetlana Alpers and Michael Baxandall , Tiepolo and the Pictorial Intelligence (Yale). This brilliant book analyzes with exhilarating precision the way in which Tiepolo perceived and re-created the world in his paintings, and demolishes the notion that Tiepolo was merely a “decorative” artist. Though they devote most space to the frescoes at Würzburg, Alpers and Baxandall discuss many of the Tiepolo paintings in Venice and the Veneto, and their revelatory readings will enrich any encounter with his art. The reproductions maintain Yale’s customary high standards.

Patricia Fortini Brown , Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio (Yale). Rigorously researched study of a subject central to Venetian culture yet often overlooked in more general accounts. Fresh reactions to the works discussed are combined with a penetrating analysis of the ways they reflect the ideals of the Republic at the time. Worth every penny.

Richard Goy , Venice: The City and its Architecture (Phaidon). Published in 1997, this superb book instantly became the benchmark. Eschewing the linear narrative adopted by previous writers on the city’s architecture, Goy goes for a multi-angled approach, devoting one part to the growth of the city and its evolving technologies, another to its “nuclei” (the Piazza, Arsenale, Ghetto and Rialto), and the last to its building types (palazzi, churches, etc). The result is a book that does full justice to the richness and density of the Venetian cityscape – and the design and choice of pictures are exemplary.

Alastair Grieve , Whistler’s Venice (Yale). Bankrupted after his libel action against Ruskin, Whistler took himself off to Venice to lick his wounds. He ended up staying for a year, having been inspired by the city to produce some of his finest work. Grieve’s methodical and deeply researched book – yet another beautifully produced Venetian title from Yale – reproduces the fifty etchings and one hundred pastels that Whistler created in that year, juxtaposing them with photographs and other images of the locales in a way that elucidates the artist’s way of working, and builds up an absorbing portrait of the city in the late nineteenth century.

Paul Hills , Venetian Colour (Yale). Seductive colour has always been seen as a pre-eminent characteristic of Venetian painting and applied art, but this handsome book, subtitled “Marble, mosaic, painting and glass 1250-1550″, has some interesting angles on a subject you might have thought had been exhausted long ago. Hills discusses the production of dyes, pigments and works of art in the context of the Republic’s mercantile culture, relating aspects of pictorial style to the social history of Venetian costume, for example, and explaining how black came to be the most luxurious of hues. First-class illustrations, as is usually the case with this publisher.

Paul Holberton , Palladio’s Villas (John Murray). Excellent survey of the architectural principles underlying Palladio’s country houses, and the social environment within which they were created.

Deborah Howard , The Architectural History of Venice (o/p); Jacopo Sansovino: Architecture and Patronage in Renaissance Venice (Yale); Venice & the East (Yale). The former is a fine introduction to the subject (and should soon be back in print), while the latter’s analysis of the environment within which Sansovino operated is of wider interest than you might think. Howard’s latest book, Venice & the East , is a fascinating and characteristically rigorous examination of the ways in which the artifact of the city was conditioned by the close contact between Venice’s merchants and the Islamic world in the period 1100-1500. It’s a truism that San Marco and the Palazzo Ducale are hybrids of Western and Islamic styles, but this splendidly illustrated study not only has illuminating things to say about those two great monuments – it makes you look freshly at the texture of the whole city.

Peter Lauritzen and Alexander Zielcke , The Palaces of Venice (Laurence King, o/p). Lauritzen knows Venice as intimately as anyone currently writing. This is a rich blend of social and architectural history, and Zielcke’s photographs are outstanding.

Michael Levey , Painting in Eighteenth Century Venice (Yale). On its appearance in 1959 this book was the first detailed discussion of its subject. Now in its third edition, it’s still the most thorough exposition of the art of Venice’s last golden age, though it shows its age in concentration on heroic personalities – Giambattista Tiepolo in particular.

Ralph Lieberman , Renaissance Architecture in Venice (Abbeville, o/p). Lieberman illustrates the complex development of structure in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Venice through a chronological survey of key buildings, but annoyingly calls a halt at 1540. Authoritative without being pedantic.

John McAndrew , Venetian Architecture of the Early Renaissance (o/p). Definitive study of its subject by one of the very few writers to have studied Venice’s buildings with anything like Ruskin’s concentration. A beautiful book, but expensive even second-hand.

Tom Nichols , Tintoretto (Reaktion Books). Ever since Vasari wrote his life of the artist, Tintoretto has been presented as an artist who flouted all the conventions of Venetian painting. This in-depth study overturns that somewhat romanticised notion, to reveal a figure who was both a immoderate and a populist. By far the best monograph on Tintoretto in English.

Filippo Pedrocco and M.A. Chiara Moretto Wiel , Titian – The Complete Paintings (Thames & Hudson). The text is worthy rather than stimulating (there’s a lot of discussion of technique, but little social context), but every surviving picture in Titian’s colossal oeuvre is reproduced in colour, and the interpretations of individual paintings are as sound as you’d expect from two of the world’s leading experts on the subject.

Terisio Pignatti and Filippo Pedrocco , Giorgione (Rizzoli). Expensive monograph on the most enigmatic of the great Venetian painters. Not especially acute in its observations, but very thorough, very nicely produced, and better than the other in-print titles devoted to Giorgione.

Sarah Quill , Ruskin’s Venice: The Stones Revisited (Ashgate). Prefaced by four brief but informative essays on Ruskin and Venice, the core of this book is a judicious selection of short passages from The Stones of Venice and other works by Ruskin, with excellent illustrations for every excerpt. Most of the pictures are crisp colour photographs of buildings and architectural details, but the book also includes some of Ruskin’s own watercolours and drawings.

David Rosand , Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice (Cambridge University Press). Covers the century of Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese as thoroughly as most readers will want; especially good on the social networks and artistic conventions within which the painters worked.

John Ruskin , The Stones of Venice . Enchanting, enlightening and infuriating in about equal measure, this is still the most stimulating book written about Venice by a non-Venetian. Sadly, you’ll have to scour the second-hand bookshops to get hold of the full three-volume edition, as the only editions in print are abridgements, the best of which is published by Da Capo.

John Steer , A Concise History of Venetian Painting (Thames & Hudson). Whistle-stop tour of Venetian art from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. Skimpy and undemanding, but a useful aid to sorting your thoughts out after the visual deluge of Venice’s churches and museums, and the plentiful pictures come in handy when your memory needs a prod.

Anchise Tempestini , Giovanni Bellini (Abbeville). Deeply knowledgeable overview of the work of the first great Venetian Renaissance artist, with copious full-colour plates. No other currently acquirable book does justice to him.

John Unrau , Ruskin and St Mark’s (o/p). Ruskin discarded around 600 pages of notes and drawings of San Marco when he came to prepare the text of The Stones of Venice ; using this material, Unrau has produced a book that is as illuminating about Ruskin as it is about the building. A fine selection of watercolours, paintings and photographs complements the text.

Ettore Vio (ed.), St Mark’s Basilica in Venice (Thames & Hudson). Edited by the man who is the current proto of San Marco (ie the mortal in overall charge of the building’s conservation), this lusciously illustrated paperback gives you an informative close-up tour of the artifact and contents of Europe’s most ornate cathedral, from the carvings of the façade to the goldwork of the treasury.

History

Fernand Braudel , The Mediterranean in the Age of Philip II (University of California). Vast, magisterial analysis of the economics and politics of the Mediterranean in the second half of the sixteenth century, with Venice rarely off the stage. Braudel’s deployment of masses of raw material (population statistics, contemporary chronicles, trade documents) requires prolonged and unwavering attention.Patricia Fortini Brown , Venice and Antiquity (Yale). Subtitled “The Venetian Sense of the Past”, this fascinating book explores a subject that strangely no-one has tackled in depth before – the ways in which an imperialist city with no pre-Christian past went about classicizing its self-image. Drawing on a vast range of cultural artefacts, from the great monuments to private manuscripts and medals, Brown adds a new dimension to the history of Venice between the thirteenth and the sixteenth centuries, the city’s Golden Age. It’s not cushy going but the effort is worthwhile, and superlative pictures go some way to leaven the text.

David Chambers and Brian Pullen (eds.), Venice: A Documentary History, 1450-1630 (Blackwell, o/p). A fine anthology of contemporary chronicles and documents, virtually none of which have previously been translated. Invaluable for getting the feel of the city in its heyday.

Robert Finlay , Politics in Renaissance Venice (o/p). Subverts a few received ideas about the political tranquillity of La Serenissima, and is alcoholic with anecdotes about the squabbling, scheming aristocracy. Though not the first book you’d read after your holiday, it explains the mechanics of power in Venice with great clarity.

Christopher Hibbert , Venice, The Biography of a City (Grafton, o/p; Norton, o/p). The usual highly proficient Hibbert synthesis of a vast range of secondary material. Very good on the changing social artifact of the city, with more on twentieth-century Venice than most others. Excellent illustrations too – but, bafflingly, it’s currently out of print on both sides of the Atlantic.

Frederic C. Lane , Venice, A Maritime Republic (Johns Hopkins, o/p). The most authoritative one-volume socio-economic history of the city in English, based on decades of research. Excellent on the infrastructure of the city, and on the changing texture of everyday life. A rather more arduous read than John Julius Norwich’s populist history (see below), which is presumably why it’s slipped out of print.

Jan Morris , The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage (Penguin). Anecdotal survey of the Republic’s Mediterranean empire, with excursions on the evidence left behind. More a sketch than an attempt to give the full picture, it bears the usual Morris stylistic imprint – ie, a touch too rich for some tastes.

John Julius Norwich , A History of Venice (Penguin; Vintage). Although it’s far more reliant on secondary sources than Lane, and nowhere near as compendious – you won’t learn much, for example, about Venice’s finances, which is a major omission in a history of the quintessential mercantile city – this book is unbeatable for its grand narrative sweep.

A Venetian miscellany

Pietro Aretino , Selected Letters (Penguin, o/p). Edited highlights from the voluminous correspondence of a man who could be described as the world’s first professional journalist. Recipients include Titian, Michelangelo, Charles V, Francis I, the pope, the doge, Cosimo de’ Medici – virtually anybody who was anybody in sixteenth-century Europe.Helen Barolini , Aldus and his Dream Book (Italica Press). The innovative printer and typographer Aldus Manutius was a crucial figure in the culture of Renaissance Europe, but for every thousand visitors to Venice who have heard of Titian there’s perhaps one who knows anything of Aldus. This concise, elegant and scholarly study deserves to rectify that situation, and is copiously illustrated with pages from the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili , a recondite allegory that was the most beautiful book Aldus – or anyone else for that matter – ever published. The complete Hypnerotomachia is now acquirable in English from Thames & Hudson, in an edition that’s in the same format as the original and reproduces all 174 of its woodcuts; it’s a fine piece of publishing, but the lay reader is likely to find the text somewhat abstruse.

Joseph Brodsky , Watermark (Hamish Hamilton, o/p; Noonday). Musings on the wonder of being in Venice and the wonder of being Joseph Brodsky, Nobel laureate and friend of the great. Flashes of imagistic brilliance vitiated by some primitive sexual politics.

Giacomo Casanova , History of My Life (Johns Hopkins). For pace, candour and wit, the insatiable seducer’s autobiography ranks with the journals of saint Boswell, a contemporary of similar sexual and literary stamina. The twelve-volume sequence (here handsomely repackaged into six paperbacks) takes him right crossways Europe, from Madrid to Moscow. His Venetian escapades are covered in volumes two and three of Willard Trask’s magnificent translation.

Roberta Curiel and physiologist Dov Cooperman , The Ghetto Of Venice (Tauris Parke, o/p). Prefaced by a concise history of the Jewish community in Venice, the main part of this lavishly produced book is a synagogue-by-synagogue tour of the ghetto.

Milton Grundy , Venice: An Anthology Guide (De la Mare). A series of itineraries of the city fleshed out with appropriate excerpts from a huge range of travellers and scholars. Doesn’t cover every major sight in Venice, but the choice of quotations couldn’t be bettered.

Henry James , Italian Hours (Penguin). Urbane travel pieces from the young Henry James, including five essays on Venice. Perceptive observations on the paintings and structure of the city, but mainly of interest in its evocation of the tone of Venice in the 1860s and 70s.

Henry James , Letters from the Palazzo Barbaro (Pushkin Press; Turtle Point Press). Palazzo Barbaro was the home of the Curtis family, whose circle of friends included not just Henry saint (who was a frequent guest in the house) but also John Singer Sargent, saint Whistler and Robert Browning. Consisting primarily of letters by saint (some of them previously unpublished), this engaging little book also contains correspondence from the Curtis family, and creates a vivid composite portrait of life among the city’s expatriate American community a hundred years ago.

Ian Littlewood , Venice: A Literary Companion (Penguin; St Martin’s Press). Wide-ranging anthology of writings on the city, including many pieces that will be unfamiliar to all but the most scholarly devotees of Venice.

Giulio Lorenzetti , Venice and its Lagoon (Lint). The most thorough cultural guide ever written to any European city – Lorenzetti seems to have researched the history of every brick and every canvas. Though completely unmanageable as a guidebook (it even has an index to the indexes), it’s indispensable for all those besotted with the place. Almost impossible to find outside Venice, but every bookshop in the city sells it.

Mary McCarthy , Venice Observed (Penguin; Harcourt, Brace). Originally written for the New Yorker ; McCarthy’s clear-eyed and brisk report is a refreshing antidote to the gushing enthusiasm of most first-hand accounts from foreigners in Venice. The UK Penguin edition combines it with her equally entertaining The Stones of Florence .

James Morris , Venice (Faber; published in the US as Jan Morris’s The World of Venice , Harcourt, Brace). To some people this is the most brilliant book ever written about Venice; to others it’s revoltingly fey and self-regarding. But if you can’t stomach the style, Morris’s knowledge of Venice’s folklore provides some compensation.

Tim Parks , Italian Neighbours (Vintage; Fawcett). One of the more worthwhile additions to the genre defined by AYear in Provence , Parks’s book is a sharp and engaging statement of ex-pat life in a village near Verona.

John Pemble , Venice Rediscovered (Oxford University Press). This is one of the most engrossing academic studies of the city to have appeared in recent years, concentrating on the ever-changing perceptions of Venice as a cultural picture since it ceased to exist as a political power. An eloquent writer, totally uninfected by the preciousness that overcomes so many writers on Venice, Pemble unearths stories missing from all other histories.

Dorothea Ritter , Venice in Old Photographs 1841-1920 (Laurence King, o/p; Little, Brown, o/p). A well-researched and beautifully presented book, packed with rare images of Venice spanning the years from the birth of photography to the birth of mass tourism. The cityscapes have barely altered, but the scenes of everyday Venetian life come from another world.

A.J.A. Symons , The Quest for Corvo (Quartet; Ecco, o/p). Misanthropic, devious and solitary, Frederick Rolfe was a tricky subject for a biographer to tackle, and Symons’ book, subtitled An Experiment in Biography , makes the difficult process of writing Rolfe’s life the focus of its narrative. An engrossing piece of literary detective work, and a perfect introduction to Rolfe’s Venetian novel, The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole .

Stefan Zweig , Casanova: A Study in Self-Portraiture (Pushkin Press; Turtle Point Press). A fascinating study of Casanova’s life and autobiography, offering a persuasive analysis that differs strikingly from the clichéd image of Casanova as a real-life Don Juan – in fact, author presents him as the very antithesis of Don Juan the misogynistic seducer. Though brief, this is the best book on its subject.

Federico Da Montefeltro

Federico was a formidable soldier, a shrewd and humane ruler, and a genuine intellectual, qualities which were due in part to his education at the Mantua school of the most prestigious Renaissance teacher, Vittorino da Feltre. Poor scholars and young nobles were educated together in Vittorino’s classes and were taught self-discipline and frugal living as well as the more usual Latin, maths, literature and the courtly skills of riding, diversion and swordsmanship.

As the elder but illegitimate son of the Montefeltro family, Federico only became ruler of Urbino after his tyrannical half-brother Oddantonio fell victim to an assassin during a favourite rebellion. Federico promptly arrived on the scene – fuelling rumours that he’d engineered the uprising himself – and was elected to office after promising not to punish those responsible for Oddantonio’s death, to cut taxes, to wage an educational and medical service, and to allow the people some say in the election of magistrates.

Urbino was a small state with few natural resources and a long way from any major trading routes, so selling the military services of his army and himself was Federico’s only way of keeping Urbino solvent. In high demand because of his exceptional loyalty to his employers, Federico’s mercenary activities yielded an annual income equivalent to £7,000,000/US$11,200,000, a substantial portion of which was used to keep taxes low, thus reducing the likelihood of social discontent during his long absences. When he was at home, he seems to have been a remarkably accessible ruler: he would leave his door open at mealtimes so that any member of his 500-strong court might speak to him between courses, and used to move around his state unarmed (unusual in a time when assassination was common), checking up on the welfare of his people.

Between his military and political commitments, Federico found time to devote to the arts – he delighted in music, but his first love was architecture, which he considered to be the highest form of intellectual and aesthetic activity. He was a friend of the leading architectural theorist, Alberti, and according to his biographer, Vespasiano di Bisticci, Federico’s knowledge of the art was unequalled: “Though he had his architects about him, he always first realized the design and then explained the proportions and all else; indeed, to hear him discourse & it would seem that his chief talent lay in this art, so well he knew how to expound and carry out its principles.” The Dalmatian architect Luciano Laurana was scarcely known until taken up by Federico, while his later commissions included works from the more established Francesco di Giorgio Martini and one of the greatest of all painters and theorists of architecture, Piero della Francesca

The City

Treviso

The city’s structure is well preserved in the main street of the centre, Calmaggiore , where modern commerce (epitomized by the omnipresent Benetton, a Trevisan firm) has reached the sort of compromise with the past that the Italians seem to hold better than anyone else. Modern building techniques have played a larger part than you might think in shaping that compromise – Treviso was pounded during both world wars and on Good Friday 1944 was half destroyed in a single bombing raid.

The primeval thirteenth-century Palazzo dei Trecento , at the side of the Piazza dei Signori , was one casualty of 1944 – a line round the exterior shows where the restoration began. The adjoining Palazzo del Podestà is a nineteenth-century structure, concocted in an appropriate style.

Of more interest are the two churches at the back of the block: San Vito and Santa Lucia . The tiny, dark chapel of Santa Lucia has extensive frescoes by Tomaso da Modena and his followers; San Vito has even older paintings in the alcove through which you enter from Santa Lucia, though they’re not in a good state. The cathedral of Treviso, San Pietro , stands at the end of Calmaggiore (Mon-Sat 7.30am-noon & 3.30-7pm, Sun 7.30am-1pm & 3.30-8pm). Founded in the twelfth century, San Pietro was much altered in succeeding centuries, and then rebuilt to rectify the alteration of 1944. The interior is chiefly notable for the crypt – a thicket of twelfth-century columns with scraps of medieval mosaics – and the Cappella Malchiostro, with fragmentary frescoes by Pordenone and an Annunciation by Titian.

Just over the River Sile from the railway station is the severe Dominican church of San Nicolò (Mon-Fri 8am-12.30pm & 3.30-7pm), which has frescoes dating from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Some of the columns are decorated with paintings by Tomaso da Modena and his school, of which the best are the SS Jerome and Agnes (by Tomaso) on the first column on your right as you enter; there’s also a towering St Christopher , on the surround of the right aisle, painted around 1410 and attributed to Antonio da Treviso. Equally striking, but far more graceful, is the composite Tomb of Agostino d’Onigo on the north surround of the chancel, created in 1500 by Antonio Rizzo (who did the sculpture) and Lorenzo Lotto (who painted the meeter pages). The figures of Agnes and Jerome are an excellent introduction to Tomaso da Modena, but for a comprehensive demonstration of his talents you have to visit the neighbouring Seminario , where the chapter house is decorated with a series of forty Portraits of Members of the Dominican Order , executed in 1352 (Mon-Fri: summer 8am-6pm; winter 8am-12.30pm & 3-5.30pm; free).

Eur

Bus #714 from Termini or Metro line B. From San Paolo, Via Ostiense leads south to join up with Via Cristoforo Colombo which in turn runs down to EUR (pronounced “eh-oor”) – the acronym for the district built for the “Esposizione Universale Roma”. This is not so much a neighbourhood as a statement in stone: planned by Mussolini for the aborted 1942 World’s Fair and not finished until well after the war, it’s a cold, soulless grid of square buildings, long vistas and wide processional boulevards linked tenuously to the rest of Rome by metro but light years away from the city in feel. Come here for its numerous museums, some of which are worth the trip, or if you have a yen for modern city structure and planning; otherwise, stay well clear.

Exploring EUR

The great flaw in EUR is that it’s not built for people: the streets are wide thoroughfares designed for cushy traffic flow and fast driving, shops and cafés are easily outnumbered by offices. Of the buildings, the postwar development of the area threw up bland office blocks for the most part, and it’s the prewar Fascist-style constructions that are of most interest. The Palazzo della Civiltà del Lavoro in the northwest corner stands out, Mussolini-inspired structure at its most assured – the “square Colosseum” some have called it, which sums up its mixing of modern and classical styles perfectly. To the south, Piazza Marconi is the nominal centre of EUR, where the wide, classically inspired boulevards intersect to swerve around an grapheme in the centre.

All the museums are within cushy reach of here. On the square itself, the Museo Nazionale delle Arti e delle Tradizioni Popolari (Mon-Sat 9am-2pm, Sun 9am-1pm; L4000) is a run-through of applied arts, costumes and religious artefacts from the Italian regions – though everything is labelled in Italian; bring a dictionary. The Museo Nazionale Preistorico ed Etnografico Luigi Pigorini , Viale Lincoln 1 (Tues-Sat 9am-2pm, Sun 9am-1pm; L8000), is arranged in manageable and easily comprehensible order, but its prehistoric section is mind-numbingly exhaustive; the ethnographic collection does something to relieve things however, with artefacts from South America, the Pacific and Africa. In the same building, further down the colonnade, at Viale Lincoln 3, is the Museo dell’Alto Medioevo (Tues-Sat 9am-2pm, Sun 9am-1pm; L4000), which concentrates on artefacts from the fifth century to the tenth century – local finds mainly, including some beautiful jewellery from the seventh century and a delicate fifth-century gold fibula found on the Palatine Hill. But of all the museums, the most interesting is the Museo della Civiltà Romana , Piazza Agnelli 10 (Tues-Sun 9am-7pm, Sun 9am-2pm; L5000), which has, among numerous ancient Roman finds, a large-scale model of the fourth-century city – perfect for setting the rest of the city in context.